Academic reviews of research comparing online to face-to-face learning have consistently found that digital learning performs as well as or better than face to face. Gains in online learning should typically not be attributed to the modality but rather on attributes of the instruction.
Attributes that make a difference include instructional design, degree of personalization, and direct guidance in giving feedback. These and other aspects of the medium can contribute to a positive, equivalent learning experience (Simonson, M. (2019). Research in distance education: a summary. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 20(2), 31-43.)
Online learning research continues to identify strong evidence for factors that make online learning work, such as the philosophy and theory of learning, context of the intervention, variation in the presentation of material (e.g., synchronous/asynchronous), additional learning time, opportunity for collaboration, quality of staff support, end economic efficiency of the modalities.
